Consumo de drogas: enfrentamiento a un problema latente / Drug use: confronting a latent problem i: en

Algunas situaciones ponen en riesgo a Cuba en cuanto al uso de drogas, entre ellas el aumento del turismo, las relaciones con países que poseen altas tasas de consumo, la ubicación geográfica en corredores de narcotraficantes y la alta prevalencia de drogas porteras. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Salud debe estar preparado para la prevención del problema y la atención a los afectados, de manera que resulta necesario mantener una información actualizada sobre los factores de riesgo y los principales productos utilizados por los consumidores. En la presente revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema se busca llamar la atención de los trabajadores de la salud en tal sentido, se ofrecen datos sobre la magnitud del problema y se abordan elementos de sus antecedentes, así como de la clasificación de las drogas, los factores de riesgo asociados a su consumo y las bases jurídicas para su control en Cuba.

Some situations put Cuba at risk for drug use, such as an increase in tourism, relations with countries that have high rates of substance abuse, the geographic location in drug trafficking corridors, and the high prevalence of "opening doors" drugs. In this regard, the National Health System must be prepared to prevent the problem and care for those affected, so it is necessary to maintain updated information on risk factors and main products used by consumers. In the present literature review on the subject, it is sought to draw the attention of health workers to this point, data on the magnitude of the problem and elements of its background are offered, as well as drug classification, the risk factors associated with its use and the legal bases for its control in Cuba.

Methamphetamine: Mechanism of Action and Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment for Its Addiction / 中国结合医学杂志

With the proliferation of synthetic drugs, research on the mechanism of action of addictive drugs and treatment methods is of great significance. Among them, methamphetamine (METH) is the most representative amphetamine synthetic drug, and the treatment of METH addiction has become an urgent medical and social problem. In recent years, the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines on METH addiction have gained widespread attention because of their non-addictiveness, multiple targets, low side effects, low cost, and other characteristics. Previous studies have identified a variety of Chinese herbal medicines with effects on METH addiction. Based on the research on METH in recent years, this article summarizes the mechanism of action of METH as the starting point and briefly reviews the Chinese herbal medicine-based treatment of METH.

Research Progress on the Effect of Synthetic Cathinones on Animal Behavior / 法医学杂志

Synthetic cathinones are a class of new psychoactive substances with a structure similar to amphetamine drugs, which can produce excitatory effects similar to drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine after being taken. In recent years, the abuse of synthetic cathinones worldwide has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to social security and public health. This article focuses on several common synthetic cathinones, collects their research results in animal autonomous activity experiments and drug dependence model experiments and summarizes their relevant experimental conclusions in animal body temperature regulation, learning and memory, and anxiety, in order to provide data reference and method guidance for the domestic development of related drug research.

Ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins are regulated by Akt-GSK3β signaling in the rat nucleus accumbens core

The ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins are a family of membrane-associated proteins known to play roles in cell-shape determination as well as in signaling pathways. We have previously shown that amphetamine decreases phosphorylation levels of these proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an important neuronal substrate mediating rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In the present study, we further examined what molecular pathways may be involved in this process. By direct microinjection of LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, or of S9 peptide, a proposed GSK3β activator, into the NAcc core, we found that phosphorylation levels of ERM as well as of GSK3β in this site are simultaneously decreased. These results indicate that ERM proteins are under the regulation of Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in the NAcc core. The present findings have a significant implication to a novel signal pathway possibly leading to structural plasticity in relation with drug addiction.

Prevalence and factors associated to the use of illicit drugs and psychotropic medications among brazilian undergraduates

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of use of psychoactive substances (PS) and its associated factors in undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. The study was carried out with 830 undergraduate students in the year 2016. The individuals answered a self-administered questionnaire about the PS and its prevalence of daily use, in the last 30 days or at any time of their lives, as well as socioeconomic conditions and academic variables. Caffeine-based energy drinks was the most consumed psychoactive substance (96.3%) among undergraduates in the last 30 days, followed by alcohol (64.0%). Among the illicit drugs most consumed in the last 30 days was marijuana (17.3%), while anxiolytics and amphetamines were the most prevalent psychoactive medicaments in the last 30 days. The prevalence of lifetime illicit drugs used by these students was 41.5%, where we highlight besides marijuana (38.6%) the high consumption of cocaine (7.8%), ecstasy (9.3%) and solvents. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as gender, have children, religion, and financial background as well as academic variables were associated to recent consumption of these substances. This study concluded there is a high prevalence of use of PS among the undergraduate students, including illicit drugs.

Recurrent Psychosis after Phentermine Administration in a Young Female: A Case Report

Phentermine is a sympathomimetic amine, like amphetamine, which is one of the most often prescribed drugs for weight loss. Although exact mechanism of phentermine causing psychosis is still not clear, numerous reports already showed that phentermine can induce psychosis. Psychotic symptoms are generally resolved once the medications are stopped. In contrast, we present a case of a 25-years-old Asian female patient who developed psychotic symptoms repeatedly after phentermine administrations. This case suggests that phentermine can cause psychotic episodes repeatedly, resulting in chronic occupational and social impairment. Therefore, a precautious measure such as government regulations for physicians prescribing and an education for patients taking phentermine are urgently needed.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine on amphetamine-induced sensitization in mice

Objective: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is beneficial in psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit mesolimbic dopamine hyperfunction consequent to an endogenous sensitization process. This sensitization can be modeled in rodents by repeated exposure to psychostimulants, provoking an enduring amplified response at subsequent exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAC on amphetamine sensitization in mice. Methods: D-amphetamine was administered to C57BL/6 mice three times a week for 3 weeks; the dose was increased weekly from 1 to 3 mg/kg. NAC (60 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally before saline or amphetamine during the second and third weeks. After a 4-week washout period, latent inhibition (LI) and the locomotor response to amphetamine 2 mg/kg were assessed. Results: Sensitization disrupted LI and amplified the locomotor response; NAC disrupted LI in control mice. In sensitized animals, NAC attenuated the enhanced locomotion but failed to prevent LI disruption. Conclusion: NAC warrants consideration as a candidate for early intervention in ultra-high risk subjects due to its safety profile and the relevance of its mechanism of action. Supplementing this proposition, we report that NAC attenuates sensitization-induced locomotor enhancement in mice. The finding that NAC disrupted LI incites a cautionary note and requires clarification.

Avaliação da presença de cocaína e anfetamina em amostras de sangue post mortem e de indivíduos vivos, utilizando técnica de microextração em fase líquida (HF-LPME) / Amphetamine, cocaine and tetrahydrocannabinol evaluation in blood samples of living people and post mortem blood samples using microextraction technique in liquid phase (HF-LPME)

Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina

It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world's population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine

Uso de drogas por caminhoneiros que trafegam na rodovia BR-153 / Use of drugs by truck drivers traveling on highways

Objetivos: Abordar o perfil dos caminhoneiros que trafegam na BR153, o uso de drogas e as principais substâncias psicoativas consumidas por caminhoneiros e relacionar o consumo dessas substâncias aos aspectos de qualidade de vida e sócio demográficos dos motoristas de caminhão. Métodos: Foram abordados 161 motoristas de caminhão nas proximidades da cidade de Anápolis-Goiás na BR-153. Para avaliar os dados sócio demográficos assim como o uso de drogas entre os caminhoneiros, foi utilizado questionário semi - estruturado, Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Cigarro e Outras Drogas (ASSIST) modificado. A análise dos dados foi conduzida pelo programa estatístico SPSS-22. Resultados: A maioria dos caminhoneiros abordados era do sexo masculino (99,4%), autodeclarados brancos (60,9%), do estado de Goiás (43,8%) e percorreram em média 639 km/dia. Sobre o uso de anfetaminas (rebite), 32,9% admitiram terem feito uso dessa droga nos últimos três meses. Sobre a aquisição dessa substância, 38,3% relataram não encontrar dificuldades para adquirir a anfetamina e os postos de gasolina foi o local mais citado de acordo com os participantes. Conclusão: O uso de drogas por caminhoneiros se mostrou bem presente na rodovia BR-153, e isso reflete a falta de fiscalização e conscientização destes profissionais. Além disso, os postos de gasolina, que usualmente são os locais de descanso para essa categoria, se configuram como um dos principais centros para agravar as condições de saúde dos mesmos. (AU)

Objectives: To approach truck drivers profile in a highways near Anápolis- Goiás, drug use and the main psychoactive substances used by truckers and relate the consumption of these substances to the social and demographic aspects of truck drivers. Methods: 161 truck drivers were assessed. To approach the social and demographic data as well as drug consumption among truck drivers a semi - structured questionnaire, Involvement Screening Test with Alcohol, Cigarette and Other Drugs (ASSIST) modified was used. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS22. Results: Most covered truck drivers were male (99.4%), self-declared white (60.9%), from the state of Goiás (43.8%) and traveled an average of 639 km (400 miles) / day. On the use of amphetamines, 32.9% admitted having used this drug in the last three months. On the acquisition of that substance, 38.3% reported not find it difficult to acquire amphetamine. The gas stations were the site over quoted according to participants. Conclusion: The use of drugs by truck drivers proved very present in Goiás highways, and this reflects the lack of oversight and awareness of these professionals. In addition, the gas stations, which usually are the rest local for this category are characterized as one of the main centers for serious health conditions. (AU)

Drug Abuse and Psychosis: New Insights into Drug-induced Psychosis

Addictive drug use or prescribed medicine abuse can cause psychosis. Some representative symptoms frequently elicited by patients with psychosis are hallucination, anhedonia, and disrupted executive functions. These psychoses are categorized into three classifications of symptoms: positive, negative, and cognitive. The symptoms of DIP are not different from the symptoms of schizophrenia, and it is difficult to distinguish between them. Due to this ambiguity of distinction between the DIP and schizophrenia, the DIP animal model has been frequently used as the schizophrenia animal model. However, although the symptoms may be the same, its causes are clearly different in that DIP is acquired and schizophrenia is heritable. Therefore, in this review, we cover several DIP models such as of amphetamine, PCP/ketamine, scopolamine, and LSD, and then we also address three schizophrenia models through a genetic approach with a new perspective that distinguishes DIP from schizophrenia.

Evaluation of the Abuse Potential of Novel Amphetamine Derivatives with Modifications on the Amine (NBNA) and Phenyl (EDA, PMEA, 2-APN) Sites

Recently, there has been a rise in the number of amphetamine derivatives that serve as substitutes for controlled substances (e.g. amphetamine and methamphetamine) on the global illegal drug market. These substances are capable of producing rewarding effects similar to their parent drug. In anticipation of the future rise of new and similar psychoactive substances, we designed and synthesized four novel amphetamine derivatives with N-benzyl, N-benzylamphetamine HCl (NBNA) substituent on the amine region, 1,4-dioxane ring, ethylenedioxy-amphetamine HCl (EDA), methyl, para-methylamphetamine HCl (PMEA), and naphthalene, 2-(aminopropyl) naphthalene HCl (2-APN) substituents on the phenyl site. Then, we evaluated their abuse potential in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test in mice and self-administration (SA) test in rats. We also investigated the psychostimulant properties of the novel drugs using the locomotor sensitization test in mice. Moreover, we performed qRT-PCR analyses to explore the effects of the novel drugs on the expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor genes in the striatum. NBNA, but not EDA, PMEA, and 2-APN, induced CPP and SA in rodents. None of the test drugs have produced locomotor sensitization. qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that NBNA increased the expression of striatal D1 dopamine receptor genes. These data indicate that NBNA yields rewarding effects, suggesting potential for abuse. Continual observation for the rise of related substances is thus strongly encouraged.

Evaluation of the Triage TOX Drug Screen Assay for Detection of 11 Drugs of Abuse and Therapeutic Drugs

The demand for rapid and broad clinical toxicology screens is on the rise. Recently, a new rapid toxicology screening test, the Triage TOX Drug Screen (Alere Inc., USA), which can simultaneously detect 11 drugs of abuse and therapeutic drugs with an instrument-read cartridge, was developed. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of this new on-site immunoassay using 105 urine specimens; the results were compared with those obtained by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TMS). Precision was evaluated according to the CLSI EP12-A2 for analyte concentrations near the cutoff, including C₅₀ and±30% of C₅₀, for each drug using standard materials. The C₅₀ specimens yielded 35–65% positive results and the ±30% concentration range of all evaluated drugs encompassed the C₅–C₉₅ interval. The overall percent agreement of the Triage TOX Drug Screen was 92.4–100% compared with UPLC-TMS; however, the Triage TOX Drug Screen results showed some discordant cases including acetaminophen, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, opiates, and tricyclic antidepressants. The overall performance of the Triage TOX Drug Screen assay was comparable to that of UPLC-TMS for screening of drug intoxication in hospitals. This assay could constitute a useful screening method for drugs of abuse and therapeutic drugs in urine.

Safety and efficacy of fenproporex for obesity treatment: a systematic review / Segurança e eficácia do fenproporex para tratamento da obesidade: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of fenproporex for treating obesity. METHODS MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched as well as references cited by articles and relevant documents. Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and regarding risk of bias, collected data, and accuracy. Eligible studies were all those placebo-controlled that provided data on the efficacy and safety of Fenproporex to treat obesity. RESULTS Only four controlled studies met the inclusion criteria. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial on Fenproporex was found on electronic databases. Three placebo-controlled studies (in non-indexed journals) were identified by hand-searching. Patients with cardiovascular and other comorbidities were excluded in all studies. Trials lasted from 40 to 364 days and doses ranged from 20 to 33.6 mg/d. All controlled studies found that weight loss among Fenproporex-treated patients was greater than that produced by the placebo, but drug effect was modest. Fenproporex produced additional weight reductions of 4.7 kg (one year), 3.8 kg (six months) and 1.55 kg (two months) in average, in relation to diet and exercise only (three trials). Insomnia, irritability, and anxiety were the most frequently reported side effects in the four studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of randomized, placebo-controlled trials on Fenproporex and those identified here present major methodological flaws. These studies suggest that Fenproporex is modestly effective in promoting weight loss. Nonetheless, they failed to provide evidence that it reduces obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. Data from these studies are insufficient to determine the risk-benefit profile of Fenproporex. Abuse potential and amphetamine-like adverse effects are causes for concern.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a evidência clínica de segurança e eficácia do Fenproporex para tratamento da obesidade. MÉTODOS Pesquisamos publicações em qualquer idioma nas bases Medline, Lilacs Cochrane Controlled Trials Register e também referências citadas por artigos e documentos relevantes. Dois autores avaliaram independentemente os estudos para inclusão e quanto ao risco de viés, dados coletados e precisão. Foram elegíveis estudos controlados com placebo que forneceram dados sobre a eficácia e segurança do Fenproporex para tratar a obesidade. RESULTADOS Apenas quatro estudos controlados preencheram critérios de inclusão. Um estudo placebo-controlado aleatorizado do Fenproporex foi encontrado nas bases eletrônicas. Três estudos controlados (em periódicos não indexados) foram identificados por buscas manuais. Pacientes com comorbidades (cardiovasculares ou outras) foram excluídos em todos os estudos. A duração dos estudos foi de 40 a 364 dias, com doses de 20 a 33,6 mg/d. Todos os estudos controlados encontraram maior perda de peso entre pacientes tratados com Fenproporex, comparados aos que receberam placebo, mas o efeito foi modesto. O Fenproporex causou reduções adicionais de peso de 4,7 kg (após um ano), 3,8 kg (após seis meses) e 1,55 kg (após dois meses), em média, em relação à dieta e exercício apenas (três ensaios). Insônia, irritabilidade e ansiedade foram os eventos colaterais mais frequentes nos quatro estudos. CONCLUSÕES Ensaios clínicos placebo-controlado aleatorizado do Fenproporex são escassos e os estudos controlados identificados apresentam importantes falhas metodológicas. Esses estudos sugerem que o Fenproporex é modestamente eficaz em promover perda de peso. Entretanto, eles não fornecem evidências de que o Fenproporex atenua a morbidade e mortalidade associada à obesidade. Esses estudos são insuficientes para avaliar o perfil risco-benefício do Fenproporex. Potencial de abuso e efeitos adversos do tipo anfetamínico são motivos de preocupação.

Impact of pharmaceutical impurities in ecstasy tablets: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study

In this study, a simple and reliable method by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry [GC-MS] was developed for the fast and regular identification of 3, 4-MDMA impurities in ecstasy tablets. In so doing, 8 samples of impurities were extracted by diethyl ether under alkaline condition and then analyzed by GC-MS. The results revealed high MDMA levels ranging from 37.6% to 57.7%. The GC-MS method showed that unambiguous identification can be achieved for MDMA from 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA], Amphetamine [AM], methamphetamine [MA] and ketamine [Keta] compounds, respectively. The experimental results indicated the acceptable time window without interfering peaks. It is found that GC-MS was provided a suitable and rapid identification approach for MDMA [Ecstacy] tablets, particularly in the Forensic labs. Consequently, the intense MDMA levels would support the police to develop a simple quantification of impurity in Ecstasy tablets

Uso de substâncias psicoativas por motoristas profissionais no Estado de São Paulo / Psychoactive substances use by profesional drivers in São Paulo State

No mundo os acidentes de trânsito são responsáveis pela morte de aproximadamente 1,2 milhão de pessoas por ano. No Brasil, em 2014, foram mais de 44 mil óbitos no trânsito. O uso de substâncias psicoativas na direção é considerado um importante fator contribuinte para a ocorrência destes acidentes. Além do álcool, as drogas ilícitas mais utilizadas em nosso país são a anfetamina, a cocaína e a cannabis. As anfetaminas e a cocaína são utilizadas por motoristas de caminhão, que consomem para se manterem acordados por muitas horas e estão propensos a dormir ao volante. Portanto, há necessidade de conhecer o problema para que as autoridades competentes possam implementar políticas públicas relacionadas ao uso de drogas por motoristas e assim, minimizar os acidentes de trânsito no Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas (anfetaminas, cocaína e cannabis) entre motoristas de caminhão que trafegavam em rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, através de análises toxicológicas em urina e correlacionar com dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal e a coleta dos dados foi realizada entre os anos de 2008 e 2012. Participaram do estudo 1.316 motoristas que, após assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e responderem a um questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais, forneceram uma amostra de urina. Essas amostras foram analisadas por imunoensaio e por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Resultados: Das amostras coletadas, 7,8% (n=103) apresentaram resultados positivos para uma ou mais drogas pesquisadas e/ou seus metabólitos, dos quais 3,4% foram resultados positivos para anfetamina, 2,8% para cocaína e 1,1% para cannabis. O 0,5% restante correspondeu aos casos com mais de uma droga. Com exceção do ano de 2008, as três drogas pesquisadas foram encontradas em todos os anos da pesquisa. Os resultados das análises...

Traffic accidents are responsible for approximately 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. In Brazil, there were more than 44,000 traffic-related deaths in 2014. The use of psychoactive substances while driving is considered a major contributing factor to the occurrence of these accidents. In addition to alcohol, the most used illicit drugs in our country are amphetamines, cocaine and cannabis. Amphetamines and cocaine are commonly used by truck drivers to stay awake for several hours because they are likely to sleep while driving. Therefore, it is necessary to understand better this problem in order to help authorities implement public policies related to drug use by drivers and thus minimize traffic accidents in Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of psychoactive substance (amphetamines, cocaine and cannabis) use among truck drivers in the highways of the State of Sao Paulo by toxicological analysis in urine and to correlate it with sociodemographic and occupational data. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study in which data collection was carried out between 2008 and 2012. This study included 1,316 drivers who provided a urine sample after signing a consent form and answering to a questionnaire with sociodemographic and occupational data. The urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Of the total samples collected, 7.8% (n = 103) were positive for one or more tested drugs and/or its metabolites, with 3.4% positive for amphetamine, 2.8% for cocaine and 1.1% for cannabis. The remaining 0.5% corresponded to cases with more than one drug. The three drugs were found during most of the study period, except in 2008. Toxicological findings were distributed differently according to some variables: age, employment period and marital status were associated with drug use, while the employment type, ethnicity and education were not. Travel length and night rest period were also...

Aberrant Thalamocortical Synchrony Associated with Behavioral Manifestations in Git1-/- Mice

Cross-talk between the thalamus and cortex has been implicated in attention but its pathogenic role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains unknown. Here, I demonstrate that Git1-/- mice, previously proposed as an animal model for ADHD, show abnormal theta oscillation in the thalamus. Multi-electrode recordings revealed that Git1-/- mice have hyper-synchrony of neural activities between the thalamus and cortex. The abnormal thalamic oscillation and thalamocortical synchrony in Git1-/- mice were markedly reduced by amphetamine. In addition, ethosuximide ameliorates abnormal thalamic oscillation and ADHD-like hyperactivity shown in Git1-/- mice. My study suggests critical roles of GIT1 and thalamocortical neural circuitry in ADHD.

Revisiting History of Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : Pharmacologic Approach

Besides from medical data, the patients who were previously called as attention disorder, mental instability, moral imbeciles, or moral defectives, can also be identified by exploring literatures and historical figures. In the past, as we can notice from the titles, they were recognized as a 'moral defect group'. And rather than treating them, separation from the society was the main solution. After the endemic encephalitis from 1917 to late 1920s, however, many survivors suffered from behavioral problems similar to those of the previous 'moral defect group' and studies on the relationship between brain damage and behavior problems were started henceforth. After being known as the 'minimal brain dysfunction', it was developed into the current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. While the disease concept changed and developed over time, after numerous trials and errors, treatment medication starting from central nervous system stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate is used for treatment in children and adult patients with ADHD, and most recently non-stimulants such as atomoxetine has become the one of the first line treatment options. Although we went through a thorough verification process of the safety and efficacy of the medication by contemplating the historical development process, we believe that adjustment is needed for remaining concerns on medication abuse and slight differences in disease paradigm and therapeutic philosophy depending on cultures.

Amphetamine-Like Weight Reduction Drug Induced Acute Cardiomyopathy with Left Ventricular Thrombosis / 이화의대지

A 37-year-old female patient admitted due to dyspnea on exertion and peripheral edema. For one and a half years, the patient had been taking various drugs and supplements to reduce weight, including amphetamine-like drugs. The patient had no major cardiovascular risk factors except three pack-years of smoking. A chest computed tomography showed a 1.7 cm diameter, capsulated space-occupying lesion in the left ventricle (LV) and 2-dimensional echocardiography showed LV systolic dysfunction (Left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 30%) with a mobile cystic mass (1.1x1.8 cm) that was attached to the LV apex, which was increased in size and number the next day, even with low dose low-molecular-weight heparin. With an increased dose of anticoagulation medication and heart failure management with diuretics and angiotensin receptor II blocker, LV dysfunction was recovered and the LV thrombus disappeared.

A continuidade do uso de anfetaminas por motoristas de caminhão no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a despeito da proibição de sua produção, prescrição e uso / Persistent amphetamine consumption by truck drivers in São Paulo State, Brazil, despite the ban on production, prescription, and use / El uso continuado de anfetaminas por parte de los conductores de camión en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a pesar de la prohibición de su producción, prescripción y uso

O uso de anfetaminas por motoristas de caminhão com fins ocupacionais é amplamente reconhecido, entretanto, no mês de outubro de 2011, sua produção e uso foram proibidos através de uma resolução da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o uso de anfetaminas entre motoristas de caminhão após a implementação da referida resolução. Uma amostra de conveniência de 427 motoristas de caminhão foi abordada em rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, durante o ano de 2012. Os participantes foram solicitados a responder um instrumento de pesquisa estruturado, assim como fornecer uma amostra de urina para avaliar o uso recente de anfetaminas através de análise toxicológica. Entre os motoristas avaliados, 7% fizeram uso recente de alguma substância ilícita, dos quais 2,7% usaram anfetaminas. Aparte a periculosidade associada ao uso de anfetaminas, assim como a despeito da resolução que o regulamenta, esse uso continua entre os motoristas de caminhão. Assim, sugere-se que as autoridades competentes fiscalizem a posse, assim como o uso de anfetaminas no contexto do trânsito.

Amphetamine use by truck drivers for occupational purposes is widely known. The production and consumption of amphetamines was banned by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in October 2011. This study analyzes persistent amphetamine use by truck drivers since the ban was implemented. A convenience sample of 427 truck drivers was taken along highways in São Paulo State in 2012. Participants were asked to answer a structured questionnaire and provide a urine sample to screen for recent amphetamine consumption through toxicological analysis. Among the interviewed drivers, 7% had used some illicit drug recently and 2.7% had used amphetamines. Amphetamines are still consumed by truck drivers despite the risks and the recent ban. The authorities should thus monitor the possession and use of amphetamines by drivers in order to effectively enforce the ban.

El uso de anfetaminas con fines profesionales entre los conductores de camiones es ampliamente reconocido, sin embargo, en octubre de 2011, su producción y uso fueron prohibidos por una resolución de la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA). El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el uso de anfetaminas entre conductores de camión después de la implementación de esa resolución. Una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por 427 conductores de camiones fue abordada en las carreteras del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, en el año 2012. A los participantes se les pidió rellenar una encuesta estructurada, así como dar una muestra de orina para determinar el consumo reciente de anfetaminas, a través de análisis toxicológico. Entre los conductores evaluados, el 7% consumió recientemente algún estupefaciente, de los cuales un 2,7% había consumido anfetaminas. Aparte de los peligros asociados al uso de anfetaminas, y de la resolución que lo regula, ese uso sigue vigente entre los conductores de camión. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las autoridades competentes supervisen la posesión, así como el consumo de anfetaminas, en el tráfico rodado.